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二次剩余(quadratic residue)

Posted by dongshanluo at 2007-08-22 11:03:27 on Problem 1808
考虑形如x2≡n(mod m)的同余式,其中m > 1,(m,n)=1。若此同余式有解,则n称为模m的二次剩余;若此同余式无解,则n称为模m的二次非剩余。设p是一个奇素数,则模p的二次剩余和二次非剩余个数正好是“一半对一半”,下表给出几个较小的素数模的二次剩余和非剩余:
p	剩余	非剩余
3	1	2
5	1,4	2,3
7	1,2,4	3,5,6
11	1,3,4,5,9	2,6,7,8,10
13	1,3,4,9,11,12	2,5,6,7,8,11
此外,如果n是模p的二次剩余,则N^((p-1)/2)≡1(mod p) 。如果n是模p的二次非剩余,则N^((p-1)/2)≡-1(mod p) 。

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